Budget Concepts and Process
- Report
Risk Sharing in the Federal Reserve's Emergency Lending Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic
CBO describes the role the Federal Reserve plays in stabilizing financial markets during crises and estimates the costs of programs created during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide liquidity and address stress in financial markets.
- Interactive
An Interactive Tool for Projecting Discretionary Spending, 2026 to 2036
CBO's interactive tool allows users to simulate the agency's process for projecting discretionary budget authority and outlays for different types of spending over the next 10 years.
- Presentation
How Economists Can Help Inform Economic and Budget Analysis Used by the U.S. Congress
Presentation by Jeffrey Kling and Heidi Williams at the National Tax Association 56th Annual Spring Symposium.
- Interactive
How Changes in Economic Conditions Might Affect the Federal Budget, 2026 to 2036: An Interactive Tool
This tool allows users to define and analyze alternative economic scenarios and see how federal revenues, outlays, and deficits and debt under those scenarios might differ from outcomes in CBO's 10-year budget projections.
- Report
How Changes in Economic Conditions Might Affect the Federal Budget: 2026 to 2036
To show how economic conditions affect its budget projections, CBO analyzed how revenues, outlays, and deficits might change if the values of key economic variables differed from those in the agency's forecast.
- Working Paper
Estimating the Budgetary Cost of U.S. Commitments to the International Monetary Fund: Working Paper 2026-02
Using a fair-value approach, CBO estimates that the cost of increasing the United States' financial commitment to the International Monetary Fund is about 1.36 percent of the country's current commitment.
- Report
Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on Oversight of CBO
The House Committee on the Budget convened a hearing at which Phillip L. Swagel, CBO's Director, testified about the agency's work. This document provides CBO's answers to questions submitted for the record after the hearing.
- Report
Estimates of the Cost of Federal Credit Programs in 2026
CBO estimates the costs of federal credit programs in 2026 in two ways—following procedures prescribed by the Federal Credit Reform Act and using a fair-value approach, which measures the market value of the government's obligations.
- Report
Expired and Expiring Authorizations of Appropriations: 2026 Preliminary Report
CBO reports annually on programs whose authorizations of appropriations have already expired or will expire. This data file covers legislation enacted through September 30, 2025. A full report will be issued later this year.
- Report
An Introduction to the Congressional Budget Office
Learn more about CBO's work and its processes in a publication that is typically updated at the start of each Congress or a new session.