Immigration

CBO analyzes trends in immigration and policy proposals that would affect immigration—in particular, by estimating the budgetary effects (and sometimes the economic effects) of those proposals.

Report
The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053
January 24, 2023
In CBO’s projections, the U.S. population increases from 336 million people in 2023 to 373 million people in 2053. Population growth is increasingly driven by net immigration, which accounts for all population growth beginning in 2042.
Report
Options for Reducing the Deficit, 2023 to 2032--Volume II: Smaller Reductions
December 7, 2022
CBO issues a volume that contains short descriptions of 59 policy options that would each reduce the federal budget deficit by less than $300 billion over the next 10 years.
Report
The Employment of Foreign-Born People
June 3, 2020
In 2018, 46 million people living in the United States—or 14 percent of the population—had been born in other countries. CBO examines the employment and earnings of men and women by their legal immigration status, level of education, and birthplace.
Report
The Foreign-Born Population and Its Effects on the U.S. Economy and the Federal Budget—An Overview
January 9, 2020
Immigration increases total economic output, though not necessarily output per capita. It also affects the federal budget through the taxes that foreign-born people pay and the government programs in which they participate.
Report
How Changes in Immigration Policy Might Affect the Federal Budget
January 15, 2015
Proposals to modify U.S. immigration policy vary greatly in terms of their potential impact on the federal budget. CBO details the factors the agency considers when estimating the budgetary effects of proposed changes to immigration policy.