Budget Options

Reports on Budget Options

To help inform lawmakers about the budgetary implications of various approaches to altering federal policies, CBO periodically issues a volume of policy options (called Options for Reducing the Deficit) covering a broad range of issues as well as separate reports that include options for changing federal tax and spending policies in particular areas. The options, which are accessible from this page, are derived from many sources and reflect a range of possibilities. For each option, CBO presents an estimate of its effects on the budget but makes no recommendations. Inclusion or exclusion of any particular option does not imply an endorsement or rejection by CBO. This search is updated regularly to include only the most recent version of a particular option.

Title Latest Estimate 10-Year Savings (Billions)
Establish Caps on Federal Spending for Medicaid $501, $539, $836, $871
Require Social Security Disability Insurance Applicants to Have Worked More in Recent Years $57
Eliminate Certain Tax Preferences for Education Expenses $128
Limit State Taxes on Health Care Providers $41, $209, $526
End VA’s Individual Unemployability Payments to Disabled Veterans at the Full Retirement Age for Social Security $9, $47
Lower the Investment Income Limit for the Earned Income Tax Credit and Extend That Limit to the Refundable Portion of the Child Tax Credit $12
Reduce Federal Medicaid Matching Rates $68, $604, $667
Reduce VA’s Disability Benefits for Veterans Who Are Older Than the Full Retirement Age for Social Security $15
Require People Who Claim the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit to Have a Social Security Number That Is Valid for Employment $25
Increase the Premiums Paid for Medicare Part B $57, $406, $448
Narrow Eligibility for VA’s Disability Compensation by Excluding Veterans With Low Disability Ratings $7, $48
Expand Social Security to Include Newly Hired State and Local Government Employees $132
Reduce Medicare Advantage Benchmarks $392
Use an Alternative Measure of Inflation to Index Social Security and Other Mandatory Programs $257
Increase the Corporate Income Tax Rate by 1 Percentage Point $129
Reduce Tax Subsidies for Employment-Based Health Insurance $500, $651, $893
Cap Increases in Basic Pay for Military Service Members $22
Repeal the “Last In, First Out” Approach to Inventory Identification and the “Lower of Cost or Market” and “Subnormal Goods” Methods of Inventory Valuation $90
Reduce Social Security Benefits for High Earners $40, $109, $184
Replace Some Military Personnel With Civilian Employees $19
Require Half of Advertising Expenses to Be Amortized Over 5 or 10 Years $76, $154
Set Social Security Benefits to a Flat Amount $270, $593
Stop Building Ford Class Aircraft Carriers $7
Repeal the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit $77
Increase the Maximum Taxable Earnings That Are Subject to Social Security Payroll Taxes $670, $1204
Reduce the Size of the Nuclear Triad $12, $18
Increase All Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages to $16 per Proof Gallon and Index Them for Inflation $92, $114
Reduce Spending on Other Mandatory Programs $580
Cancel the Long-Range Standoff Weapon $16
Increase Excise Taxes on Tobacco Products $42
Cancel the Army's Future Vertical Lift Aircraft $15
Increase Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels and Index Them for Inflation $240
Reduce the Department of Defense's Annual Budget $995
Defer Development of the B-21 Bomber $34
Impose a Tax on Financial Transactions $264
Reduce Nondefense Discretionary Spending $332
Reduce the Size of the Bomber Force by Retiring the B-1B $8
Increase Certain Fees Charged by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and Customs and Border Protection by 20 Percent $5, $5, $11
Increase Individual Income Tax Rates $502, $774, $1081, $1329
Eliminate or Limit Itemized Deductions $541, $1143, $1356, $2507
Reduce the Size of the Fighter Force by Retiring the F-22 $27
Increase Federal Civilian Employees’ Contributions to the Federal Employees Retirement System $44
Impose a New Payroll Tax $1136, $2253
Reduce the Basic Allowance for Housing to 80 Percent of Average Housing Costs $15
Reduce Funding for International Affairs Programs $148
Eliminate Federal Funding for National Community Service $10
Impose a Tax on Consumption $1950, $3050
Tighten Eligibility for Pell Grants $14, $30
Impose a Tax on Emissions of Greenhouse Gases $571, $769, $865
Increase Prescription Drug Copayments for All Veterans $27
Eliminate Title I Agriculture Programs $49
End Enrollment in VA Medical Care for Veterans in Priority Groups 7 and 8 $122
Reduce Subsidies in the Crop Insurance Program $28
Reduce the Annual Across-the-Board Adjustment for Federal Civilian Employees’ Pay $73
Limit ARC and PLC Payment Acres to 30 Percent of Base Acres $24
Reduce Funding for Certain Grants to State and Local Governments $66
Raise Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s Guarantee Fees and Decrease Their Eligible Loan Limits $7, $11, $16
Repeal the Davis-Bacon Act $17
Eliminate the Add-On to Pell Grants, Which Is Funded With Mandatory Spending $51
Raise the Tax Rates on Long-Term Capital Gains and Qualified Dividends by 2 Percentage Points $102
Adopt a Voucher Plan and Slow the Growth of Federal Contributions for Federal Employees' Health Benefits $16, $18
Eliminate or Modify Head-of-Household Filing Status $71, $192
Introduce Enrollment Fees in TRICARE for Life $16
Limit the Deduction for Charitable Giving $257, $272
Introduce Minimum Out-of-Pocket Requirements in TRICARE for Life $33
Change the Tax Treatment of Capital Gains From Sales of Inherited Assets $156
Change the Cost-Sharing Rules for Medicare and Restrict Medigap Insurance $27, $100, $122
Eliminate the Tax Exemption for New Qualified Private Activity Bonds $35
Reduce Medicare’s Coverage of Bad Debt $23, $46, $74
Expand the Base of the Net Investment Income Tax to Include the Income of Active Participants in S Corporations and Limited Partnerships $249
Consolidate and Reduce Federal Payments for Graduate Medical Education at Teaching Hospitals $68, $81
Tax Carried Interest as Ordinary Income $12
Eliminate Subsidies for Certain Meals in the National School Lunch, School Breakfast, and Child and Adult Care Food Programs $11
Include VA's Disability Payments in Taxable Income $161
Raise the Full Retirement Age for Social Security $121
Further Limit Annual Contributions to Retirement Plans $152
Reduce DoD’s Operation and Maintenance Appropriation (Excluding Funding for the Defense Health Program)  $60, $168
Reduce Funding for Naval Ship Construction to Historical Levels  $51
Eliminate Head Start $95
Limit Enrollment in the Department of Agriculture’s Conservation Programs $3, $5, $8
Eliminate Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Disabled Children $103
Link Initial Social Security Benefits to Average Prices Instead of Average Earnings $69, $109
Make Social Security’s Benefit Structure More Progressive $8, $36
Eliminate Eligibility for Starting Social Security Disability Benefits at Age 62 or Later $21
Tax Social Security and Railroad Retirement Benefits in the Same Way That Distributions From Defined Benefit Pensions Are Taxed $459
Increase the Payroll Tax Rate for Medicare Hospital Insurance $878, $1736
Increase the Payroll Tax Rate for Social Security $712, $1406
Increase Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels and Index for Inflation $237, $512
Impose an Excise Tax on Overland Freight Transport $351
Increase the Passenger Fee for Aviation Security $21
Increase Payments by Tenants in Federally Assisted Housing $21
Reduce Funding for the Housing Choice Voucher Program or Eliminate the Program $9, $125
Include Employer-Paid Premiums for Income Replacement Insurance in Employees’ Taxable Income $342
Tax All Pass-Through Business Owners Under SECA and Impose a Material Participation Standard $163
Increase Taxes That Finance the Federal Share of the Unemployment Insurance System $18
Repeal Certain Tax Preferences for Energy and Natural Resource–Based Industries $2, $6, $8
Impose Fees to Cover the Costs of Government Regulations and Charge for Services Provided to the Private Sector $0, $1, $2, $9, $14
Impose a Fee on Large Financial Institutions $90, $103
Tax Gains from Derivatives as Ordinary Income on a Mark-to-Market Basis $19
Divest Two Agencies of Their Electric Transmission Assets $2
Change the National Flood Insurance Program $1
Tighten Eligibility for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program $8
Reduce Pension Benefits for New Federal Retirees $3
Eliminate the Special Retirement Supplement for New Federal Retirees $5
Eliminate Certain Forest Service Programs $6
Limit the Number of Cities Receiving Urban Areas Security Initiative Grants $1
Raise the Age of Eligibility for Medicare to 67 $15, $22
Eliminate the International Trade Administration's Trade-Promotion Activities $3
Modify Payments to Medicare Advantage Plans for Health Risk $47, $67
Convert the Home Equity Conversion Mortgage Program Into a Direct Loan Program $3
Reduce Quality Bonus Payments to Medicare Advantage Plans $18, $94
Convert Multiple Assistance Programs for Lower-Income People Into Smaller Block Grants to States $88, $160, $247
Reduce TANF’s State Family Assistance Grant by 10 Percent $13
Narrow Eligibility for Veterans’ Disability Compensation by Excluding Certain Disabilities Unrelated to Military Duties $4, $33
Cancel Plans to Purchase Additional F-35 Joint Strike Fighters and Instead Purchase F-16s and F/A-18s $13
Modify TRICARE Enrollment Fees and Cost Sharing for Working-Age Military Retirees $11
Cancel the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System $18
Cancel Development and Production of the New Missile in the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent Program $24
Reduce Appropriations for Global Health to Their Level in 2000 $57
Eliminate Human Space Exploration Programs $89
Reduce Department of Energy Funding for Energy Technology Development $3, $5, $8, $16
Limit Highway and Transit Funding to Expected Revenues $116
Eliminate the Federal Transit Administration $87