S. 3381 would establish requirements and a timeline for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to process residential leasehold mortgages, business leasehold mortgages, land mortgages, and right-of-way documents. The bill also would establish a realty ombudsman at BIA to ensure the agency is meeting all bill requirements and to serve as an agency intermediary with Indian tribes. Finally, S. 3381 would require BIA and the Government Accountability Office to report to the Congress. CBO estimates that enacting S. 3381 would not affect direct spending or revenues. CBO has not estimated the discretionary costs of implementing the bill. The bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.