- Working Paper
This working paper combines theory and existing empirical evidence to revisit the extent to which payroll taxes are passed through to employees. The estimates rely on stylized models and are complemented by a discussion of the empirical literature on payroll tax incidence.
- Working Paper
Fair-value budget estimates reflect cash flows that are weighted by the value market participants would place on different scenarios instead of the average of their possible amounts.
- Working Paper
This paper evaluates discrete choice models as tools for analyzing the effects of tax and transfer policies on labor supply.
- Working Paper
This working paper analyzes the long-term economic effects of financing a large and permanent increase in government expenditures of 5 percent to 10 percent of gross domestic product annually.
- Working Paper
This paper explains CBO’s methods for estimating the number of residents without legal status and imputing legal status by using individual-level data from federal surveys.
- Working Paper
This working paper describes CBO's simulation model of drug price negotiations under the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act in detail, including its data sources and parameter values, and the sensitivity of the results.
- Working Paper
CBO describes the methods that it uses to project interest rates.
- Working Paper
CBO describes the methods it has developed to analyze the federal budgetary costs of proposals for single-payer health care systems that are based on the Medicare fee-for-service program.
- Working Paper
This paper describes key methods that the Congressional Budget Office used to estimate the effects on economic output of the laws enacted in response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.
- Working Paper
This paper describes how CBO constructed its projection of the effect of climate change on U.S. output, how the projected effect should be interpreted, limitations of the analysis, and the central climate-change scenario that CBO used.