State and Local Governments
- Presentation
Dynamic Analysis of Changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in H.R. 1
This slide deck describes the main mechanisms in CBO's dynamic analysis of H.R. 1, explains the changes to SNAP, and explains the macroeconomic effects and budgetary feedback of those changes.
- Report
Effects of the Surge in Immigration on State and Local Budgets in 2023
CBO estimates how the surge in immigration that began in 2021 affected state and local budgets in 2023. State and local tax revenues grew, but the costs of providing services grew more.
- Presentation
The Federal Environment for Surface Transportation Infrastructure
Presentation by Chad Shirley, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies Division, to the National Federation of Municipal Analysts.
- Presentation
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
In 2023, spending by federal, state, and local governments for transportation and water infrastructure totaled $626 billion. This slide deck updates information that CBO released in 2018.
- Report
Options for Reducing the Deficit: 2025 to 2034
CBO periodically issues a compendium of policy options and their estimated effects on the federal budget. This report presents 76 options for altering spending or revenues to reduce federal budget deficits over the next decade.
- Report
Federal Spending for Flood Adaptations
CBO provides information about the amount of damage that could be reduced through spending for flood adaptations—projects aimed at preventing damage from flooding.
- Report
Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy
An increase in immigration over the 2021–2026 period boosts federal revenues as well as mandatory spending and interest on the debt in CBO’s baseline projections, lowering deficits, on net, by $0.9 trillion over the 2024–2034 period.
- Working Paper
Flood Damage Avoided by Potential Spending on Property-Level Adaptations: Working Paper 2024-03
This working paper provides estimates of the flood damage avoided from property buyouts and elevations and analyzes how the effects of adaptation spending could vary across regions, by area income, and for different subsets of projects.
- Report
Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing Titled "Running on Empty: The Highway Trust Fund"
The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee's Subcommittee on Highways and Transit convened a hearing at which Chad Shirley, an analyst at CBO, testified. This document provides CBO's answers to questions submitted for the record.
- Report
Testimony on the Status of the Highway Trust Fund: 2023 Update
Chad Shirley, a principal analyst at CBO, testifies on the status of the Highway Trust Fund before the House Transportation Committee’s Highway and Transit Subcommittee.