Federal Credit Programs
- Report
How CBO Uses Discount Rates to Estimate the Present Value of Future Costs or Savings
CBO describes how it selects and uses discount rates to produce estimates for a wide range of federal activities that can have budgetary effects far into the future.
- Report
Public-Private Risk Sharing in Federal Credit Programs
CBO examines ways in which the federal government and private entities share the risk involved in various federal credit programs, including those related to home mortgages, small businesses, and project financing.
- Report
Student Loan Repayment, 2009 to 2019
CBO uses several measures of student loan repayment to describe borrowers’ outcomes from 2009 to 2019, before payments were suspended during the pandemic.
- Presentation
CBO’s Recent Analyses of Climate Change, Flood Damage, and Mortgages
Presentation by Evan Herrnstadt, an analyst in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies Division, at a First Street Webinar.
- Report
Estimates of the Cost of Federal Credit Programs in 2025
CBO estimates the costs of federal credit programs in 2025 in two ways—following procedures prescribed by the Federal Credit Reform Act and using a fair-value approach, which measures the market value of the government’s obligations.
- Report
Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and Homeowner’s Insurance
CBO analyzes recent changes in property insurance markets and considers alternative insurance products as well as policy approaches to increase the availability and affordability of insurance for homeowners and renters.
- Report
Flood Insurance in Communities at Risk of Flooding
CBO examines how the share of properties at risk of flooding that are covered by policies purchased through the National Flood Insurance Program varies across communities with different economic and demographic characteristics.
- Working Paper
The Effects of Flood Damage on the Subsidy Cost of Federally Backed Mortgages: Working Paper 2024-04
CBO uses data on mortgages and expected flood damage for each residential property in the United States to examine how much flood damage is expected to increase the cost of federally backed mortgages.
- Report
Administrative Costs of Federal Credit Programs
To assess the full costs of federal loans and loan guarantees, CBO has developed a method for estimating the present value of the lifetime administrative costs of certain federal credit programs.
- Report
Flood Damage and Federally Backed Mortgages in a Changing Climate
CBO estimates the flood damage homes with federally backed mortgages are expected to face in multiyear periods centered on 2020 and 2050, reflecting the effects of climate change. The agency also analyzes where that damage is concentrated.