Because policies can affect different groups of people differently, CBO analyzes how economic outcomes and the allocation of federal resources vary among people by such characteristics as age or birth cohort, educational attainment, income or wealth, race and ethnicity, and sex.
Distributional Analysis
Age or Birth Cohort
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2022
- Raising the Full Retirement Age for Social Security
- The Outlook for Housing Starts
- Trends in the Distribution of Household Income From 1979 to 2021
- The Distribution of Household Income in 2021
- CBO’s 2024 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy
- Flood Insurance in Communities at Risk of Flooding
- Health Insurance Coverage for the U.S. Population, 2024 to 2034
- CBO’s Outlook for U.S. Fertility Rates: 2024 to 2054
- Testimony on Social Security’s Finances
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034 (See pages 50-51, Box 2-1)
- The Demographic Outlook: 2024 to 2054
- Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget
- Approaches to Estimating the Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment
- Trends in the Distribution of Household Income From 1979 to 2020
- The Distribution of Household Income in 2020
- Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget: Working Paper 2023-07
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO’s 2023 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053
- CBO’s 2022 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Options for Reducing the Deficit, 2023 to 2032--Volume I: Larger Reductions
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- The Demographic Outlook: 2022 to 2052
- The Economic Effects of Waiting to Stabilize Federal Debt
- Economic Effects of Five Illustrative Single-Payer Health Care Systems: Working Paper 2022-02
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Data and Methods for Constructing Synthetic Firms in CBO’s Health Insurance Simulation Model, HISIM2
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Economic Effects of Financing a Large and Permanent Increase in Government Spending: Working Paper 2021-03
- The 2021 Long-Term Budget Outlook (See Appendix A)
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- How Changing Social Security Could Affect Beneficiaries and the System's Finances
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
Educational Attainment
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2022
- Student Loan Repayment, 2009 to 2019
- Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy
- Income of Black Working-Age Veterans
- Comparing the Compensation of Federal and Private-Sector Employees in 2022
- Income of Working-Age Veterans Receiving Disability Compensation
- Approaches to Estimating the Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment
- The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Cost of the Federal Student Loan Programs and Repayment Plans
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Policy Options
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- Federal Aid for Postsecondary Students
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
- Labor Force Experiences of Recent Veterans
- Comparing the Compensation of Federal and Private-Sector Employees, 2011 to 2015
- Trends in the Joblessness and Incarceration of Young Men
Income or Wealth
- Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s Housing Goals
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2022
- Raising the Full Retirement Age for Social Security
- Trends in the Distribution of Household Income From 1979 to 2021
- The Distribution of Household Income in 2021
- CBO’s Recent Analyses of Climate Change, Flood Damage, and Mortgages
- CBO’s 2024 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- CBO’s Projection of the Distribution of Wage Earnings
- Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy
- Flood Insurance in Communities at Risk of Flooding
- Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on Social Security’s Finances
- The Effects of Permanently Extending the Expansion of the Premium Tax Credit and the Costs of that Credit for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Recipients
- Flood Damage Avoided by Potential Spending on Property-Level Adaptations: Working Paper 2024-03
- An Update About How Inflation Has Affected Households at Different Income Levels Since 2019
- Income of Black Working-Age Veterans
- Income of Working-Age Veterans Receiving Disability Compensation
- Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget
- Trends in the Distribution of Household Income From 1979 to 2020
- The Distribution of Household Income in 2020
- Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget: Working Paper 2023-07
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance: 2023 to 2033
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO’s 2023 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- The Effects of Work Requirements on the Employment and Income of TANF Participants: Working Paper 2023-03
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- CBO’s 2022 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Current Work on the Distributional Analysis of Household Income Resulting From Policy Changes: Working Paper 2022-09
- Options for Reducing the Deficit, 2023 to 2032--Volume I: Larger Reductions
- Questions About CBO’s Current View of the Economy in 2023 and 2024 and the Implications for Households and the Federal Budget
- How the Housing Trust Fund and Capital Magnet Fund Support Affordable Housing
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- How Inflation Has Affected Households at Different Income Levels Since 2019
- Health Insurance Policies
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under 65: 2022 to 2032
- The Economic Effects of Waiting to Stabilize Federal Debt
- Economic Effects of Five Illustrative Single-Payer Health Care Systems: Working Paper 2022-02
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Data and Methods for Constructing Synthetic Firms in CBO’s Health Insurance Simulation Model, HISIM2
- The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in 2019
- How Changes in the Distribution of Earnings Affect the Federal Deficit: Working Paper 2021-12
- How CBO Adjusts for Underreporting of Means-Tested Transfers in Its Distributional Analyses
- Distributional Effects of Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions With a Carbon Tax: Working Paper 2021-11
- The Distribution of Household Income, 2018
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Economic Effects of Financing a Large and Permanent Increase in Government Spending: Working Paper 2021-03
- The Role of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans in the Distribution of Family Wealth
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under 65: 2020 to 2030
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Policy Options
- How Dependents Affect Federal Income Taxes
- How Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage Could Affect Employment and Family Income
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- How Changing Social Security Could Affect Beneficiaries and the System's Finances
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- Marginal Federal Tax Rates on Labor Income: 1962 to 2028
- Distribution of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016
Race or Ethnicity
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2022
- CBO’s Recent Analyses of Climate Change, Flood Damage, and Mortgages
- Flood Insurance in Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO Presents Initial Estimates of Taxpayers by Race and Ethnicity
- Income of Black Working-Age Veterans
- Using Multiple Data Sources to Learn About the Race and Ethnicity of Taxpayers
- Income of Working-Age Veterans Receiving Disability Compensation
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance: 2023 to 2033
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- The Opioid Crisis and Recent Federal Policy Responses (Figure 1-1 on page 10 presents opioid-involved overdose deaths by race and ethnicity.)
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2022 to 2032
- Additional Information About the Updated Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 2-1)
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- Additional Information About the Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 1)
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
- Labor Force Experiences of Recent Veterans
- Trends in the Joblessness and Incarceration of Young Men
Sex
- Raising the Full Retirement Age for Social Security
- Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy
- Income of Black Working-Age Veterans
- The Demographic Outlook: 2024 to 2054
- Approaches to Estimating the Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2022 to 2032
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Additional Information About the Updated Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 2-1)
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- Additional Information About the Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 1)
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54