Because policies can affect different groups of people differently, CBO analyzes how economic outcomes and the allocation of federal resources vary among people by such characteristics as age or birth cohort, educational attainment, income or wealth, race and ethnicity, and sex.
Distributional Analysis
Age or Birth Cohort
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO’s 2023 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053
- CBO’s 2022 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Options for Reducing the Deficit, 2023 to 2032--Volume I: Larger Reductions
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- The Demographic Outlook: 2022 to 2052
- The Economic Effects of Waiting to Stabilize Federal Debt
- Economic Effects of Five Illustrative Single-Payer Health Care Systems: Working Paper 2022-02
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Data and Methods for Constructing Synthetic Firms in CBO’s Health Insurance Simulation Model, HISIM2
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Economic Effects of Financing a Large and Permanent Increase in Government Spending: Working Paper 2021-03
- The 2021 Long-Term Budget Outlook (See Appendix A)
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- How Changing Social Security Could Affect Beneficiaries and the System's Finances
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
Educational Attainment
- The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Cost of the Federal Student Loan Programs and Repayment Plans
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Policy Options
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- Federal Aid for Postsecondary Students
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
- Labor Force Experiences of Recent Veterans
- Comparing the Compensation of Federal and Private-Sector Employees, 2011 to 2015
- Trends in the Joblessness and Incarceration of Young Men
Income or Wealth
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance: 2023 to 2033
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- CBO’s 2023 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- The Effects of Work Requirements on the Employment and Income of TANF Participants: Working Paper 2023-03
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- CBO’s 2022 Long-Term Projections for Social Security
- Current Work on the Distributional Analysis of Household Income Resulting From Policy Changes: Working Paper 2022-09
- Options for Reducing the Deficit, 2023 to 2032--Volume I: Larger Reductions
- Questions About CBO’s Current View of the Economy in 2023 and 2024 and the Implications for Households and the Federal Budget
- How the Housing Trust Fund and Capital Magnet Fund Support Affordable Housing
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- How Inflation Has Affected Households at Different Income Levels Since 2019
- How Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage Could Affect Employment and Family Income
- Health Insurance Policies
- The Economic Effects of Waiting to Stabilize Federal Debt
- Economic Effects of Five Illustrative Single-Payer Health Care Systems: Working Paper 2022-02
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Data and Methods for Constructing Synthetic Firms in CBO’s Health Insurance Simulation Model, HISIM2
- The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in 2019
- How Changes in the Distribution of Earnings Affect the Federal Deficit: Working Paper 2021-12
- How CBO Adjusts for Underreporting of Means-Tested Transfers in Its Distributional Analyses
- Distributional Effects of Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions With a Carbon Tax: Working Paper 2021-11
- The Distribution of Household Income, 2018
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- The Economic Effects of Financing a Large and Permanent Increase in Government Spending: Working Paper 2021-03
- The Role of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans in the Distribution of Family Wealth
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under 65: 2020 to 2030
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Working Paper 2020-02
- Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Policy Options
- How Dependents Affect Federal Income Taxes
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- How Changing Social Security Could Affect Beneficiaries and the System's Finances
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- Marginal Federal Tax Rates on Labor Income: 1962 to 2028
- Distribution of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016
Race or Ethnicity
- Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance: 2023 to 2033
- Communities at Risk of Flooding
- Health Insurance for People Younger Than Age 65: Expiration of Temporary Policies Projected to Reshuffle Coverage, 2023 to 2033
- CBO Publishes New Health Insurance Coverage Projections for 2023 to 2033
- Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Family Wealth: Working Paper 2023-02
- How the Housing Trust Fund and Capital Magnet Fund Support Affordable Housing
- The Opioid Crisis and Recent Federal Policy Responses (Figure 1-1 presents opioid-involved overdose deaths by race and ethnicity. It is on page 10 of the PDF.)
- Trends in the Distribution of Family Wealth, 1989 to 2019
- Additional Information About the Updated Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 2-1)
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- Additional Information About the Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 1)
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54
- Labor Force Experiences of Recent Veterans
- Trends in the Joblessness and Incarceration of Young Men
Sex
- The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033
- The Demographic Outlook: 2023 to 2053
- Using Survey Data for Tax Analysis
- Additional Information About the Updated Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 2-1)
- CBO’s 2021 Long-Term Projections for Social Security: Additional Information
- The Effect of Employer Matching and Defaults on Workers' TSP Savings Behavior
- Additional Information About the Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (See Box 1)
- Who Went Without Health Insurance in 2019, and Why?
- Characteristics of People Receiving Regular Unemployment Benefits in July 2020
- The Employment of Foreign-Born People
- Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
- Employment of People Ages 55 to 79
- The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage
- Social Security Replacement Rates and Other Benefit Measures: An In-Depth Analysis
- CBO’s Projection of Labor Force Participation Rates: Working Paper 2018-04
- Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54