This appendix provides historical data for revenues, outlays, and the deficit or surplus—in forms consistent with the projections in Chapters 1, 3, and 4—for fiscal years 1970 to 2009. The data are shown both in nominal dollars and as a percentage of gross domestic product. Data come from the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget. Some of the numbers have been revised since January 2008, the last time these tables were published.
Federal revenues, outlays, the deficit or surplus, and debt held by the public are shown in Tables F-1 and F-2. Revenues, outlays, and the deficit or surplus have both on-budget and off-budget components. Social Security’s receipts and outlays were placed off-budget by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. For the sake of consistency, the tables show the budgetary components of Social Security as off-budget before that year. The Postal Service was moved off-budget by the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1989.
The major sources of federal revenues (including off-budget revenues) are presented in Tables F-3 and F-4. Social insurance taxes include payments by employers and employees for Social Security, Medicare, Railroad Retirement, and unemployment insurance, as well as pension contributions by federal workers. Excise taxes are levied on certain products and services, such as gasoline, alcoholic beverages, and air travel. Estate and gift taxes are levied on assets when they are transferred. Miscellaneous receipts consist of earnings of the Federal Reserve System and income from numerous fees and charges.
Total outlays for major categories of spending appear in Tables F-5 and F-6. (Those totals include on- and off-budget outlays.) Spending controlled by the appropriation process is classified as discretionary. Spending governed by permanent laws, such as those that set eligibility requirements for certain programs, is considered mandatory. Offsetting receipts include the government’s contributions to retirement programs for its employees, fees, charges (such as Medicare premiums), and receipts from the use of federally controlled land and offshore territory. Net interest (function 900 of the budget) comprises the interest paid by the government on federal debt offset by its interest income.
Tables F-7 and F-8 divide discretionary spending into its defense, international, and domestic components. Tables F-9 and F-10 classify mandatory spending by the three major entitlement programs—Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid—and by other categories of mandatory spending. Income-security programs provide benefits to recipients with limited income and assets; those programs include unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as Food Stamps.) Other federal retirement and disability programs provide benefits to federal civilian employees, members of the military, and veterans. The category of other mandatory programs includes the activities of the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Fund, the subsidy costs of federal student loan programs, the Universal Service Fund (which reduces the cost of telecommunications services for selected areas and individuals), the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Social Services Block Grant program.
The remaining tables, F-11 through F-13, show estimates of the cyclically adjusted budget deficit or surplus and its outlay and revenue components. The cyclically adjusted budget deficit or surplus attempts to filter out the effects that fluctuations in output and unemployment related to the business cycle have on revenues and outlays; it also incorporates other adjustments. The change in that deficit or surplus is commonly used to measure the short-term impact of fiscal policy on total demand. Table F-11 also presents estimates of potential and actual gross domestic product.
Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: n.a. = not applicable; * = between -$50 million and $50 million.
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Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: n.a. = not applicable; * = between -0.05 percent and 0.05 percent.
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a. |
Revenues by Major Source, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Revenues by Major Source, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Outlays for Major Categories of Spending, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Outlays for Major Categories of Spending, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Discretionary Outlays, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Discretionary Outlays, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Outlays for Mandatory Spending, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Includes unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, the refundable portion of the earned income and child tax credits, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as Food Stamps), family support, child nutrition, and foster care.
Outlays for Mandatory Spending, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Includes unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, the refundable portion of the earned income and child tax credits, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as Food Stamps), family support, child nutrition, and foster care.
Deficits, Surpluses, Debt, and Related Series, 1970 to 2009
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Office of Management and Budget.
a. CBO calculated fiscal year numbers from seasonally adjusted quarterly national income and product account data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Cyclically Adjusted Deficit or Surplus and Related Series, 1970 to 2009, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Cyclically Adjusted Deficit or Surplus and Related Series, 1970 to 2009, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: * = between -0.05 percent and 0.05 percent.
